Can men get urinary tract infections?

Overview: Can men get urinary tract infections?

Yes, men can get urinary tract infections (UTIs), although they are less common than in women. A UTI in men often signals an underlying issue such as an enlarged prostate, urinary retention, or structural abnormalities. Symptoms typically include a burning sensation during urination, frequent or urgent need to urinate, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, and pelvic or lower abdominal discomfort. Diagnosis involves urine tests and possibly imaging, while treatment usually requires a course of antibiotics. This evergreen explainer covers causes, symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention to support long-term urinary health.

What is a urinary tract infection?

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that can occur in any part of the urinary system, including the urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidneys. Most UTIs are caused by bacteria, primarily Escherichia coli (E. coli) from the gastrointestinal tract. Less commonly, fungi or viruses can be responsible. UTIs are categorized as lower (urethra and bladder) or upper (ureters and kidneys). In men, lower UTIs are more common than upper ones, but both require attention to prevent complications.

How do UTIs occur in men

In men, UTIs are less frequent because the longer urethra provides some natural protection. However, when bacteria enter the urinary tract, they can adhere to the bladder lining and multiply. Several factors can increase the risk, including an enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia), which can obstruct urine flow and cause incomplete bladder emptying. Other contributors include urinary retention, kidney stones, catheter use, diabetes, a suppressed immune system, and anatomical abnormalities. Sexual activity, particularly anal intercourse without condoms, can also introduce bacteria. Circumcision status may play a role, with some studies suggesting higher rates among uncircumcised men, though the relationship is complex and influenced by hygiene and other factors.

Common symptoms of UTI in men

Symptoms of a UTI in men can vary based on the location and severity of the infection. Common signs include:

• Burning or pain during urination (dysuria)
• Frequent or urgent need to urinate, with little output
• Cloudy, dark, or bloody urine
• Strong-smelling urine
• Pelvic, lower abdominal, or back pain
• Fever and chills, which may indicate a kidney infection
• Fatigue or general malaise

Some men may experience symptoms similar to other conditions, such as an enlarged prostate or sexually transmitted infections, making professional evaluation important.

Risk factors specific to men

Age and prostate health

As men age, the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) increases, which can obstruct urine flow and lead to incomplete bladder emptying. This retention creates an environment where bacteria can grow. Prostatitis, or inflammation of the prostate, can also raise the risk. Men with a history of prostate issues should be particularly vigilant about UTI symptoms.

Medical devices and procedures

Use of urinary catheters, whether in a hospital or at home, significantly increases the risk of UTIs. Conditions that require frequent medical attention or instrumentation of the urinary tract can introduce bacteria. Men with spinal cord injuries or neurological conditions that affect bladder control may also have a higher likelihood of recurrent infections.

Lifestyle and medical conditions

Certain health conditions and habits can contribute to UTI risk. These include:

• Diabetes, which can affect immune function and bladder emptying
• Kidney stones, which can obstruct urine flow
• Immunosuppression due to medications or illness
• Poor hygiene practices
• Dehydration, which reduces urine flow and flushing of bacteria

Diagnosis and testing

If you suspect a UTI, consult a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis. Diagnosis typically begins with a medical history review and symptom assessment. A urine test, often a urinalysis and urine culture, helps identify the presence of bacteria, white blood cells, and red blood cells. In some cases, imaging tests such as an ultrasound or CT scan may be used, especially if there are recurrent infections, complications, or suspected structural abnormalities. Cystoscopy, where a thin tube with a camera is inserted into the bladder, is reserved for specific situations like persistent symptoms or blood in the urine.

Treatment options

Antibiotics are the primary treatment for bacterial UTIs. The choice of antibiotic and duration depend on the severity of the infection, the bacteria involved, and local resistance patterns. Common regimens include a short course for uncomplicated lower UTIs and a longer course for more severe or upper UTIs. It is important to complete the full course of antibiotics even if symptoms improve. Pain relievers or medications to alleviate burning during urination may be recommended. For men with recurrent UTIs due to an enlarged prostate or other obstructions, treatment may address the underlying condition, which could include medications or surgery.

Prevention strategies

While not all UTIs can be prevented, several strategies can reduce the risk:

• Stay well-hydrated and urinate regularly to flush bacteria
• Urinate soon after sexual activity
• Practice good genital hygiene, including proper wiping (front to back)
• Manage underlying health conditions such as diabetes
• Avoid bladder irritants like caffeine and alcohol if prone to symptoms
• Follow medical guidance for catheter care and alternatives

Complications and when to seek care

Untreated or recurrent UTIs can lead to complications, including kidney infections (pyelonephritis), sepsis, or abscesses. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience high fever, chills, severe back or flank pain, vomiting, or confusion. Recurrent UTIs warrant a thorough evaluation to identify and address underlying causes.

Summary table: key facts about UTIs in men