Flying squirrels in Maine are small, nocturnal rodents that inhabit forested areas statewide, yet they are rarely seen because they are active at night. Despite the name, they do not truly fly but glide using a membrane that stretches from wrist to ankle. Two species occur here: the northern flying squirrel and the southern flying squirrel, each with distinct habitat preferences and ecological roles. This guide covers identification, behavior, habitat, and practical steps if you suspect them on your property.
Species and Identification
Northern Flying Squirrel
The northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) is the larger and more widespread species in Maine. It typically measures 10 to 14 inches in body length, with a flattened tail adding another 3 to 6 inches, and weighs 1 to 4 ounces. Its fur is gray–brown on the upperparts and pale underneath, with a distinctive black line along the flank in some individuals. The large, dark eyes and loose flap of skin along the sides, called a patagium, are key identifiers. No other native Maine glider matches this combination of size, dark flank stripe, and habitat.
Southern Flying Squirrel
The southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans) is smaller, with a body length of 8 to 10 inches and a tail of 4 to 6 inches, and weighs 3 to 6 ounces. It is more chestnut-toned above and grayish below, lacking the bold black flank line of the northern species. Its large eyes and patagium are similar, but its smaller size and preference for mature hardwoods help distinguish it. In Maine, its range is more restricted, typically limited to southern and central regions with suitable forest structure.
Behavior and Activity
Both species are strictly nocturnal, spending daylight hours in nests made of leaves, bark, or tree cavities. They are social at times, with multiple squirrels sometimes sharing a nest, especially in winter to conserve heat. They are agile climbers and, when ready to glide, launch from a tree, spreading their limbs to catch air and steering with their tail and limbs to land on another trunk or branch. Glides can cover 30 to 60 feet, though longer flights are possible. On the ground they move awkwardly, often hopping rather than running.
Habitat and Distribution in Maine
Northern flying squirrels occupy a wide range of forest types across Maine, including mixed hardwood–conifer and mature spruce–fir stands. They rely on cavities or abandoned woodpecker nests for daytime shelter and commonly feed on fungi, lichens, seeds, and insects. Southern flying squirrels prefer mature hardwood or mixed hardwood–pine forests, particularly where oaks, hickories, and beeches are present. Both species require cavities or natural hollows for nesting, making standing snags and older forests important components of their habitat. While the northern species is found throughout most of the state, the southern flying squirrel is less common and concentrated in specific regions.
Diet and Foraging
Flying squirrels are omnivorous, with seasonal variation in their diet. In summer and fall, they consume nuts, seeds, fruits, buds, and insects. Fungi, particularly truffle-like underground mushrooms, are a critical winter food source for northern flying squirrels, which cache fungi in tree cavities. They also eat tree sap, eggs on rare occasions, and bark during hard winters. Their role in dispersing fungal spores and tree seeds makes them important for forest health, even though they are most active when predators are less active.
Reproduction and Lifecycle
Breeding occurs in early spring and again in late summer, with litters typically born in late spring and early summer. Females produce a single litter of usually two to four young after a gestation period of about 40 days. Juveniles are weaned around six weeks and begin gliding short distances by eight weeks. They do not reach full adult size until several months after birth. Lifespans in the wild are generally one to two years, though individuals may live longer in favorable conditions. Cold winters and limited food can influence survival, especially for juveniles dispersing in fall.
Interactions with Humans
Flying squirrels are generally not a major nuisance species, but they can occupy attic spaces or wall cavities when natural cavities are scarce. Their nocturnal activity may cause noise that disturbs homeowners, and their chewing can damage insulation or gnawed wood. Because they are not typically aggressive, direct conflict is uncommon. If you suspect flying squirrels, avoid trapping or handling without guidance, as they can carry parasites and require careful management under local regulations. Humane exclusion, habitat modification, and professional wildlife assistance are recommended approaches.
Conservation and Management
Both northern and southern flying squirrels are common and not listed as threatened or endangered in Maine. However, habitat changes—such as loss of mature forest, fragmentation, and removal of snags—can affect local populations. Maintaining diverse forest structure, retaining standing trees, and protecting connected woodland corridors help support stable populations. Landowners can benefit from retaining mast-producing trees and cavity sites, which provide food and nesting resources. Monitoring and research continue to refine understanding of their distribution and habitat needs in Maine.
| Attribute | Northern Flying Squirrel | Southern Flying Squirrel |
|---|---|---|
| Body length | 10–14 inches | 8–10 inches |
| Tail length | 3–6 inches | 4–6 inches |
| Weight | 1–4 ounces | 3–6 ounces |
| Key markings | Dark flank stripe, large eyes | Smaller, chestnut tones, lacks flank stripe |
| Preferred habitat | Mixed hardwood–conifer, mature spruce–fir | Mature hardwood, oak–hickory–beech |
| Diet emphasis | Fungi, lichens, seeds, insects | nuts, fruits, seeds, insects |
| Range in Maine | Statewide | Southern and central Maine, less common |
Tips for Homeowners
- Trim branches away from structures to reduce easy access to attics.
- Seal gaps larger than a quarter-inch around vents, eaves, and utility entries.
- Remove food sources such as unsecured pet food and bird feeders if conflicts occur.
- Use one-way exclusion doors only when not raising young; consult local wildlife guidance.
- Inspect insulation and wood for chewing or moisture issues after exclusion.
Myths and Realities
Flying squirrels do not parachute or fly; they glide using a skin membrane. They are not primarily pests but are important seed and fungi dispersers. While they are mostly nocturnal, seeing one in daylight is uncommon and not necessarily a sign of disease. Rabies and other health risks are rare but possible, so avoid handling and contact a professional if necessary.
Overall, flying squirrels in Maine are a fascinating component of forest ecosystems. Understanding their habits, habitat needs, and the difference between the two species helps people coexist with them and appreciate their ecological role.
tags: flying squirrels Maine, northern flying squirrel, southern flying squirrel, Maine wildlife, nocturnal rodents