Who Led Italy During World War II: A Clear Profile of Mussolini and the Wartime Government

Benito Mussolini was the head of Italy and leader of the National Fascist Party during World War II, serving as Prime Minister from 1922 until July 1943 and later as head of the Italian Social Republic from September 1943 to April 1945. Italy entered World War II in June 1940, seeking to expand its empire and align with Nazi Germany. Key wartime decisions included joining the Axis alliance, campaigns in North Africa and the Balkans, and the 1943 armistice with the Allies, which removed Mussolini from power. This guide explains Mussolini’s role, the structure of wartime leadership, and the enduring consequences of Italy’s choices. Topics include the fall of Mussolini, the Italian armistice, and the civil war within Italy.