chemistry

Isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol, 2-propanol) and ethanol (ethyl alcohol) are both simple alcohols widely used as solvents, disinfectants, and in consumer products. Chemically, th...

Phosphoryl chloride pentachloride, commonly written as PCl5, is a hygroscopic inorganic compound widely used to introduce phosphoryl chloride groups and as a chlorinating reagen...

In a water molecule (H₂O), the oxygen atom carries a partial negative charge and each hydrogen atom carries a partial positive charge. This separation of partial charges, set...

Calcium nitrate is a synthetic salt with the formula Ca(NO3)2, most familiar as a fertilizer and in water treatment. It dissociates fully in water into the calcium cation (Ca2+)...

A strong oxidizing agent readily accepts electrons and thereby oxidizes other substances. In practice, strong oxidizers have high positive reduction potentials, are thermodynami...

Alkaline earth metals hold two valence electrons in their outermost s orbital, defining their +2 oxidation state and strongly ionic bonding behavior. This evergreen explainer cl...

Intramolecular hydrogen bonding occurs when a single molecule forms a hydrogen bond between a donor (typically N–H or O–H) and an acceptor atom (usually N or O) within the s...

The shape of the H2O molecule is bent, or angular, with an O–H bond angle of about 104.5 degrees. This geometry arises because the oxygen atom holds two bonding pairs shared w...

A molecular subunit of a polymer is any single repeating unit that connects with identical or similar units to form a long-chain macromolecule. In practice, this subunit is most...

Acids are chemical substances that share a common set of behaviors in water and with other materials. The three widely referenced properties of an acid are its ability to donate...